{"id":2334,"date":"2023-02-20T14:47:03","date_gmt":"2023-02-20T13:47:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.knihovnauk.cz\/?p=2334"},"modified":"2023-02-21T11:10:33","modified_gmt":"2023-02-21T10:10:33","slug":"charles-babbage-a-vigenerova-sifra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.knihovnauk.cz\/index.php\/2023\/02\/20\/charles-babbage-a-vigenerova-sifra\/","title":{"rendered":"Charles Babbage a Vigen\u00e8rova \u0161ifra<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

DHBSLKW CACCAMI B VJHETISOWB SOJSA<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kdo byl Charles Babbage?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charles Babbage byl ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1n za origin\u00e1ln\u00edho myslitele (Gleick, 2013, s. 68), jeho skute\u010dn\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem nebyly pouze p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b matematick\u00e9 postupy, ale oblasti zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se informacemi, <\/em>jejich odes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00edm, k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00edm, anal\u00fdzou a zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm. Pro sv\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy a vyn\u00e1lezy dok\u00e1zal vytv\u00e1\u0159et \u201ejazyk symbol\u016f, do kter\u00fdch by se dalo k\u00f3dovat \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed\u201c<\/em> (Gleick, 2013, s. 94). Jeho osobitost dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 mj. fakt, \u017ee proces k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed dok\u00e1zal vn\u00edmat z jak\u00e9hokoliv re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u2013 v\u0161iml si jako prvn\u00ed, \u017ee letokruhy strom\u016f lze pova\u017eovat za d\u016fkaz toho, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u201ek\u00f3duje\u201c p\u0159\u00edroda zpr\u00e1vy o minulosti (Gleick, 2013, s. 102). Ve sv\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch Babbage podotkl: \u201eHlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem v\u0161ech m\u00fdch b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed bylo \u00fasil\u00ed rozpoznat takov\u00e9 z\u00e1kony my\u0161len\u00ed, d\u00edky nim\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk \u010din\u00ed objevy\u201c <\/em>(p\u0159eklad vlastn\u00ed) (Franksen, 1985, s. 119). Nebyl jen matematikem, v\u011bdcem a vyn\u00e1lezcem, svou energii efektivn\u011b uplatnil i v kryptologii a kryptoanal\u00fdze, byl tak\u00e9 prvn\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm \u010dlov\u011bkem, kter\u00fd rozlu\u0161til Vigen\u00e8rovu \u0161ifru (Cimino, 2018, s. 47). \u010cl\u00e1nek se v historick\u00e9 rovin\u011b obecn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159uje nejen na \u017eivot a z\u00e1sadn\u00ed d\u00edlo Charlese Babbage, ale pr\u00e1v\u011b na jeho vztah k \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Matematick\u00fd g\u00e9nius Charles Babbage<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Zaj\u00edmavou postavou kryptoanal\u00fdzy byl pro obdob\u00ed 19. stolet\u00ed bezesporu britsk\u00fd matematick\u00fd g\u00e9nius Charles Babbage, kter\u00fd se proslavil zejm\u00e9na koncep\u010dn\u00edm n\u00e1vrhem modern\u00edho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Narodil se 26. prosince 1791 v Lond\u00fdn\u011b v bohat\u00e9 rodin\u011b, jeho otec byl lond\u00fdnsk\u00fd bank\u00e9\u0159 Benjamin Babbage. O mo\u017enost p\u0159\u00edstupu k rodinn\u00e9mu majetku Charles p\u0159i\u0161el ve chv\u00edli, kdy se proti otcov\u011b v\u016fli o\u017eenil, i nad\u00e1le ale z\u016fstal dostate\u010dn\u011b finan\u010dn\u011b zabezpe\u010den a mohl se jako nez\u00e1visl\u00fd v\u011bdec v\u011bnovat sv\u00fdm badatelsk\u00fdm z\u00e1jm\u016fm (Singh, 2009, s. 72). Vedle technick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ho proslavila, byl autorem i dal\u0161\u00edch vylep\u0161en\u00ed, objev\u016f a vyn\u00e1lez\u016f \u2013 nap\u0159. vynalezl rychlom\u011br, lapa\u010d krav (za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159ipevn\u011bn\u00e9 na \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed lokomotivu ur\u010den\u00e9 pro odh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed dobytka z kolej\u00ed), zmodernizoval po\u0161tovn\u00ed syst\u00e9m a sv\u011bteln\u00fd syst\u00e9m vys\u00edlaj\u00edc\u00ed k\u00f3dovan\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, sestavil prvn\u00ed tabulky \u00famrtnosti vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v poji\u0161\u0165ovnictv\u00ed, sestrojil malou kalkula\u010dku (Cimino, 2018, s. 47; Gleick, 2013, s. 102; Houser, 2003). V roce 1821 se Babbage spolu s astronomem Johnem Herschelem zab\u00fdval matematick\u00fdmi tabulkami pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi p\u0159i technick\u00fdch, naviga\u010dn\u00edch a astronomick\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtech. V ru\u010dn\u011b sestavovan\u00fdch tabulk\u00e1ch N\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edho almanachu<\/em> na\u0161li velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed chyb, kter\u00e9 mohly b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch nep\u0159esnost\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtech a n\u00e1sledkem toho r\u016fzn\u00fdch technick\u00fdch katastrof a ztroskot\u00e1n\u00ed lod\u00ed (tabulka Nautick\u00e9 efemeridy pro nalezen\u00ed zem\u011bpisn\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky a d\u00e9lky na mo\u0159i<\/em> obsahovala v\u00edce ne\u017e tis\u00edc chyb). Babbage k tomu \u0159ekl: \u201eP\u0159eji si p\u0159i Bohu, aby byly v\u00fdpo\u010dty prov\u00e1d\u011bny p\u00e1rou!\u201c <\/em>(Cimino, 2018, s. 47). V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017ee navrhnout a vytvo\u0159it stroj poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd p\u00e1rou, kter\u00fd by zautomatizoval proces matematick\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f (Petzold, 2000). Cesta od my\u0161lenky skute\u010dn\u011b vedla k n\u00e1vrhu stroje, kter\u00fd by dok\u00e1zal sestavovat v\u00fdpo\u010dty v tabulk\u00e1ch bez chyb, a to a\u017e na dvacet desetinn\u00fdch m\u00edst. Vytvo\u0159en\u00fd prototyp zap\u016fsobil na Kr\u00e1lovskou spole\u010dnost a Babbage tak z\u00edskal od britsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy finan\u010dn\u00ed podporu na ostrou verzi sv\u00e9ho Diferen\u010dn\u00edho stroje (Difference Engine). Na jeho sestrojen\u00ed pracoval v\u00edce ne\u017e deset let, nikdy ho ale zcela nedokon\u010dil, od sv\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed Babbage ustoupil v roce 1833. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu let ov\u0161em tento matematick\u00fd g\u00e9nius za\u010dal pracovat i na \u201eanalytick\u00e9m stroji\u201c, u n\u011bho\u017e byla p\u0159edpokladem programovatelnost, a to pomoc\u00ed d\u011brn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00edtk\u016f. Ty byly upraveny z karet pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v tkalcovsk\u00fdch stavech firmy Joseph-Marie-Jacquard (Petzold, 2000). Stroj pro anal\u00fdzu v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch operac\u00ed byl konstruov\u00e1n ze \u010dty\u0159 \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze nal\u00e9zt u modern\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f \u2013 mill\/ml\u00fdn (centr\u00e1ln\u00ed procesor), store\/\u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b (pam\u011b\u0165), reader\/\u010dten\u00e1\u0159 (vstupn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed), printer\/tisk\u00e1rna (v\u00fdstupn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed) (Holzheu, 2020, Wilde, c2022). V ot\u00e1zce programov\u00e1n\u00ed byla Babbageovi velkou oporou hrab\u011bnka Augusta Ada Lovelace, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 nejen jako dcera anglick\u00e9ho spisovatele G. G. Byrona, ale zejm\u00e9na jako nadan\u00e1 matemati\u010dka a prvn\u00ed program\u00e1torka, kter\u00e1 zevrubn\u011b popsala funkci Babbageova \u201eanalytick\u00e9ho stroje\u201c a navrhla zp\u016fsob, jak stroj pomoc\u00ed d\u011brn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00edtk\u016f programovat (Lihou, 2016). Zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed je, \u017ee b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se pr\u00e1v\u011b elektronick\u00e1 realizace Babbageova stroje zaslou\u017eila o jist\u00fd pokrok v kryptoanal\u00fdze. Ji\u017e za sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota se ov\u0161em Babbage v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159i\u010dinil o rozvoj t\u00e9to oblasti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kryptoanalytik Charles Babbage<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Vedle vyn\u00e1lez\u016f, pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a sestrojov\u00e1n\u00ed analytick\u00fdch a po\u010d\u00edtac\u00edch stroj\u016f se Babbage ji\u017e od d\u011btstv\u00ed zaj\u00edmal o lu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch forem \u0161ifer, teorii \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed, otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1mk\u016f, anal\u00fdzu magick\u00fdch \u010dtverc\u016f a logick\u00fdch her (pi\u0161kvorky, \u0161achy). Ve sv\u00e9 autobiografii mimo jin\u00e9 napsal: \u201eProlamov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161ifer je jeden z nej\u00fachvatn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f um\u011bn\u00ed, u n\u011bho\u017e jsem promrhal v\u00edce \u010dasu, ne\u017e by si zaslou\u017eilo.\u201c <\/em>(Gleick, 2013, s. 102). V lond\u00fdnsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti m\u011bl mezi sv\u00fdmi sou\u010dasn\u00edky pro sv\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 znalosti a zku\u0161enosti pov\u011bst znamenit\u00e9ho kryptoanalytika. Dok\u00e1zal mimo jin\u00e9 rozlu\u0161tit a p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst t\u011bsnopis prvn\u00edho anglick\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho astronoma Johna Flamsteeda nebo za\u0161ifrovan\u00e9 z\u00e1pisky Henrietty Marie Bourbonsk\u00e9, man\u017eelky kr\u00e1le Karla I. Spolupracoval tak\u00e9 na expert\u00edz\u00e1ch v pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech (Franksen, 1985, s. 20\u201326). Kryptologie Babbage zaujala natolik, \u017ee se rozhodl realizovat celkovou anal\u00fdzu angli\u010dtiny a vytvo\u0159it sady r\u016fzn\u011b tematick\u00fdch frekven\u010dn\u00edch slovn\u00edk\u016f a v\u0161e racion\u00e1ln\u011b popsat (v\u010detn\u011b \u010detnosti v\u00fdskyt\u016f dvojit\u00fdch p\u00edsmen). Vznikl tak n\u00e1vrh metodiky pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch hlavolam\u016f a r\u00e9bus\u016f, jako k\u0159\u00ed\u017eovek a p\u0159esmy\u010dek, slova byla ve slovn\u00edc\u00edch uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na podle po\u010dtu p\u00edsmen, kter\u00e1 obsahovala. P\u0159i de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edval zejm\u00e9na mechanick\u00e9 pom\u016fcky, jako jsou \u0161ifrovac\u00ed disky a mechanick\u00e9 posuvn\u00edky (Franksen, 1985, s. 16, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Babbage\u016fv z\u00e1jem o kryptologii a kryptoanal\u00fdzu brzy dosp\u011bl do sb\u011bratelsk\u00e9 roviny, odhaduje se, \u017ee nejaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byl p\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 sb\u00edrky mezi lety 1820 a 1830. Babbageova rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 knihovna obsahuje p\u016fvodn\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed matematick\u00fdch a fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u011bd i knihy o kryptografii (Franksen, 1985, s. 40\u201341). Zejm\u00e9na v letech 1818 a\u017e 1822 tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159il s\u00e9rii matematick\u00fdch esej\u00ed, ov\u0161em krom\u011b jedn\u00e9 a \u010d\u00e1sti druh\u00e9 eseje nebyly nikdy publikov\u00e1ny, p\u0159esto\u017ee byly p\u0159edlo\u017eeny Cambridge Philosophical Society. V esej\u00edch se zab\u00fdval t\u0159emi matematick\u00fdmi t\u00e9maty, je\u017e jsou zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 pro pochopen\u00ed jeho pr\u00e1ce v oboru kryptografie, jsou jimi notace (jedin\u00e9 t\u00e9ma, o n\u011bm\u017e publikoval), integrita zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed nem\u011bnnost dat a \u201enov\u00fd zp\u016fsob anal\u00fdzy\u201c, kter\u00fd se tehdy naz\u00fdval geometrie situace (Franksen, 1985, s. 59). Pl\u00e1noval tak\u00e9 s\u00e1m vydat publikaci o \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed The Philosophy of Decyphering<\/em> (Filozofie de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed), na n\u00ed\u017e pracoval \u0159adu let a\u017e do roku 1857. O tomto z\u00e1m\u011bru sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 korespondence (Franksen, 1985, s. 34\u201339). Stejn\u011b jako sestaven\u00ed \u201eanalytick\u00e9ho stroje\u201c, ani tento projekt se nepoda\u0159ilo Babbegovi dokon\u010dit. (Cimino, 2018, s. 47; Houser, 2003).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vigen\u00e8rova \u0161ifra<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Vigen\u00e8rova \u0161ifra je historick\u00e1 polyalfabetick\u00e1 \u0161ifra, jej\u00edm\u017e \u0161ifrovac\u00edm principem je periodick\u00e9 u\u017eit\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho hesla (krat\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je otev\u0159en\u00fd text) a cyklicky posunut\u00e9 abecedy. P\u0159i \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi abecedami pomoc\u00ed tohoto kl\u00ed\u010de. Hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhodou Vigen\u00e8rovy \u0161ifry je eventualita zak\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u00e9ho p\u00edsmena abecedy v\u00edce zp\u016fsoby, a to podle d\u00e9lky kl\u00ed\u010de. Syst\u00e9m je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n francouzsk\u00e9mu diplomatovi Blaise de Vigen\u00e8rovi (Singh, 2009, s. 75). Jde o jednu z nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u0161ifer, kter\u00e9 byly vymy\u0161len\u00e9, a je mo\u017en\u00e9 ji st\u00e1le u\u017e\u00edvat. Dlouhou dobu se \u0161ifru neda\u0159ilo prolomit a za\u010dalo se j\u00ed \u0159\u00edkat le chiffre ind\u00e9chiffrable<\/em> \u2013 nerozlu\u0161titeln\u00e1 \u0161ifra (Cimino, 2018, s. 39\u201340, 205). Pro jej\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 pracovat s tabulkou Vigen\u00e8rova \u010dtverce<\/em> (tzv. Tabula recta<\/em> \u2013 Obr. 1<\/em><\/strong>) (Iv\u00e1nek, 2022), kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 26 p\u00edsmen v \u0159\u00e1dku a 26 p\u00edsmen ve sloupci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 1<\/em><\/strong> Vigen\u00e8r\u016fv \u010dtverec (zdroj: Iv\u00e1nek, 2022)  <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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Cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m funguje tak, \u017ee odes\u00edlatel p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 \u0161ifrovanou zpr\u00e1vu p\u0159\u00edjemci, kter\u00fd mus\u00ed zn\u00e1t dan\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d. T\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ur\u010dit\u00e9 slovo, v\u011bta, ale i jen shluk n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch p\u00edsmen. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 slovo pak p\u0159i \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010duj\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dky, p\u016fvodn\u00ed slovo text sloupce. Jako p\u0159\u00edklad \u0161ifrovan\u00e9ho textu je uveden Obr. 2.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 2<\/em><\/strong>  P\u0159\u00edklad \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed textu (zdroj: autorka, MS Excel)  <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plat\u00ed tak\u00e9 pravidlo, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm del\u0161\u00ed je kl\u00ed\u010d, t\u00edm je \u0161ifra slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Cyklick\u00fd posun abecedy p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci s v\u00fd\u0161e zmi\u0148ovanou tabulkou je d\u016fvodem toho, \u017ee p\u0159i de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed textu a hled\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010de nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edt jednoduchou frekven\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzu, ale je t\u0159eba p\u0159istupovat k n\u00ed postupn\u011b v jednotliv\u00fdch kroc\u00edch, co\u017e vysv\u011btluje Cimino (2018, s. 49): \u201e[\u2026] v textu za\u0161ifrovan\u00e9m Vigen\u00e8rovou \u0161ifrou se \u010dasto opakuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 posloupnosti p\u00edsmen. Vzd\u00e1lenost t\u011bchto del\u0161\u00edch opakov\u00e1n\u00ed je v\u011bt\u0161inou n\u00e1sobkem d\u00e9lky hesla, proto\u017ee jde p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o opakov\u00e1n\u00ed v otev\u0159en\u00e9m textu. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b takov\u00fdch del\u0161\u00edch opakov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme zjistit d\u00e9lku hesla. [\u2026] Polyalfabetick\u00e1 \u0161ifra vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed Vigen\u00e8rova \u010dtverce je tedy ve skute\u010dnosti n\u011bkolik periodicky se opakuj\u00edc\u00edch monoalfabetick\u00fdch z\u00e1m\u011bn a ka\u017edou z nich lze prolomit pomoc\u00ed frekven\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kryptoanal\u00fdza Vigen\u00e8rovy \u0161ifry prob\u00edh\u00e1 ve dvou kroc\u00edch. Prvn\u00edm z nich je hled\u00e1n\u00ed periody, kter\u00e9 je zalo\u017eeno na \u201eanal\u00fdze koincidenc\u00ed v \u0161ifrovan\u00e9m textu a\/nebo anal\u00fdze odstupu stejn\u00fdch posloupnost\u00ed v \u0161ifrovan\u00e9m textu\u201c <\/em>(Jirou\u0161ek, 2006, s. 245). N\u00e1sledn\u011b se prov\u00e1d\u00ed frekven\u010dn\u00ed kryptoanal\u00fdza \u2013 v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je nutn\u00e9 u pravd\u011bpodobnosti v\u00fdskytu p\u00edsmen v r\u00e1mci frekven\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy pamatovat na u\u017eit\u00fd jazyk \u0161ifrovan\u00e9ho textu (Jirou\u0161ek, 2006, 245\u2013246).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1854 z\u0159ejm\u011b jako prvn\u00ed \u0161ifru rozlu\u0161til pr\u00e1v\u011b Charles Babbage, kter\u00fd ov\u0161em sv\u016fj postup de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201enerozlu\u0161titeln\u00e9 \u0161ifry\u201c nezve\u0159ejnil. Zhruba o deset let pozd\u011bji (1863) prolomil \u0161ifru prusk\u00fd d\u016fstojn\u00edk Friedrich Wilhelm Kasinski, a to pomoc\u00ed kryptoanal\u00fdzy p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed periodick\u00e9 posloupnosti p\u00edsmen v \u0161ifrovan\u00e9m textu, kdy je t\u0159eba si v\u0161\u00edmat sekvenc\u00ed alespo\u0148 3 znak\u016f a ur\u010dit jejich spole\u010dn\u00e9ho d\u011blitele (tzv. Kasinskiho metoda) (Iv\u00e1nek, 2022). Cimino (2018, s. 43) uv\u00e1d\u00ed domn\u011bnku, \u017ee a\u010d \u0161lo v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b o \u0161ifru s vysokou funk\u010dnost\u00ed, co se bezpe\u010dnosti t\u00fd\u010de, nebyla ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na, a to zejm\u00e9na z toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201evy\u017eadovalo \u010das a \u00fasil\u00ed a v bitv\u011b je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u011bc rychlost\u201c.<\/em> Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v dob\u011b, kdy byla Vigen\u00e8rova \u0161ifra Babbagem a Kasinskim prolomena, ji\u017e nebyla dostate\u010dn\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00e1, proto\u017ee kryptoanal\u00fdzou bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat d\u016fv\u011brnou zpr\u00e1vu. Kryptografov\u00e9 se v t\u00e9 dob\u011b sna\u017eili konstruovat nov\u00e9 \u0161ifry, co\u017e se neda\u0159ilo, a v profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed oblasti do\u0161lo k \u00fapadku. Naopak se zv\u00fd\u0161il z\u00e1jem o lu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u0161ifer mezi laickou ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed. (Singh, 2009, s. 85).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charles Babbage a Vigen\u00e8rova \u0161ifra<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, Babbage byl velk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edznivcem kryptologie. V 19. stolet\u00ed se hojn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edval elektrick\u00fd telegraf, d\u00edky n\u011bmu\u017e bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 odes\u00edlat a p\u0159ij\u00edmat zpr\u00e1vy Morseovou abecedou. Ov\u0161em ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo syst\u00e9m znal, mohl zpr\u00e1vy rozk\u00f3dovat. Ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem se proto obr\u00e1til k mo\u017enosti vyu\u017e\u00edt \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fdch \u010di nov\u00fdch \u0161ifer. V pop\u0159ed\u00ed z\u00e1jmu st\u00e1la tak\u00e9 Vigen\u00e8rova \u0161ifra, ji\u017e se sna\u017eila \u0159ada odborn\u00edk\u016f prolomit u\u017e od jej\u00edho vzniku (Cimino, 2018, s. 47). V roce 1854 se to poda\u0159ilo pr\u00e1v\u011b Babbageovi, kter\u00fd ov\u0161em, z\u0159ejm\u011b z d\u016fvod\u016f bezpe\u010dnosti st\u00e1tu, princip \u0161ifry ve\u0159ejn\u011b nevysv\u011btlil a nepublikoval. O tom, \u017ee \u0161ifru prolomil, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 debata Babbage s bristolsk\u00fdm zuba\u0159em Johnem Hallem Brock Thwaitesem v Journal of the Society of Arts (List spole\u010dnosti nauk) (Franksen, 1985, s. 20; Singh, 2009, s. 75), kter\u00fd v t\u00e9 dob\u011b ve\u0159ejnosti ohl\u00e1sil novou \u0161ifru. Ta ale byla dle Babbage pouze obdobou <\/em>Vigen\u00e8rovy \u0161ifry, co\u017e tak\u00e9 dolo\u017eil prolomen\u00edm Thwaitesova textu<\/em>. <\/em>Tento ve\u0159ejn\u00fd spor je z\u0159ejm\u011b nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdrojov\u00fdm dokumentem o Babbageov\u011b pr\u00e1ci v oboru kryptoanal\u00fdzy a sv\u011bdectv\u00edm o jeho profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch dovednostech a schopnostech v oblasti kryptografie (Franksen, 1985, s. 17, 251\u2013263). Babbage\u016fv zp\u016fsob prolomen\u00ed \u0161ifry pomoc\u00ed jeho charakteristick\u00e9ho matematick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu ke kryptografii vy\u0161el najevo a\u017e ve 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159i studiu p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mek. Z nich bylo z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee pro kryptoanal\u00fdzu zjevn\u011b pou\u017eil stejnou metodu, kterou v roce 1863 vyvinul Kasinski (Cimino, 2018, s. 48\u201349).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Origin\u00e1ln\u00ed myslitel a jeho odkaz<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Britsk\u00fd matematik Charles Babbage zem\u0159el 18. \u0159\u00edjna 1871 v Lond\u00fdn\u011b. Nekrolog v Timesech oznamoval \u00famrt\u00ed \u201eorigin\u00e1ln\u00edho myslitele, kter\u00fd byl jedn\u00edm z nejaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejorigin\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch\u201c <\/em>(Gleick, 2013, s. 68). Pohled Gleicka (2013, s. 68) na osobnost Charlese Babbage, \u201ekter\u00fd p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezapadal do sv\u00e9 doby\u201c<\/em>, je pon\u011bkud kontroverzn\u00ed. Babbage je na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako velk\u00fd myslitel, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti matematick\u00fdch v\u011bd, str\u016fjce modern\u00edho stroje, vyn\u00e1lezce. Druh\u00e1 jeho str\u00e1nka je popisov\u00e1na m\u00e9n\u011b pozitivn\u011b \u2013 Gleick vzpom\u00edn\u00e1 jeho nezdary s dokon\u010den\u00edm projekt\u016f, na nich\u017e pracoval. V kronice vyn\u00e1lez\u016f zauj\u00edm\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 m\u00edsto nedokon\u010den\u00fd Diferen\u010dn\u00ed stroj a \u201eanalytick\u00fd stroj\u201c, z\u00e1rove\u0148 je v pramenech upozor\u0148ov\u00e1no na nepublikovanou knihu o filozofii \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tyto pomysln\u00e9 nezdary Babbageova \u017eivota je mo\u017en\u00e9 vn\u00edmat jako nepatrn\u00fd zlomek v pom\u011bru k odkazu, kter\u00fd Babbage zanechal dal\u0161\u00edm generac\u00edm v oblasti matematick\u00e9 a informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u011bdy, ale i ve filozofick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch, kryptologii a kryptoanal\u00fdze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

CIMINO, Al, 2018. P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh kryptologie: od starov\u011bk\u00fdch \u0161ifer po kvantovou kryptografii<\/em>. Praha: Dobrovsk\u00fd. Knihy Omega. ISBN 978-80-7390-887-4. Dostupn\u00e9 v KUK<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FRANKSEN, Ole Immanuel, 1985. Mr. Babbage\u2018s secret: the tale of a cypher \u2013 and APL<\/em>. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs. ISBN 0-13-604729-7. Dostupn\u00e9 tak\u00e9 z: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mrbabbagessecret0000fran<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GLEICK, James, 2013. Informace: historie, teorie, z\u00e1plava<\/em>. Praha: Doko\u0159\u00e1n. Zip.
ISBN 978-80-7363-415-5. Dostupn\u00e9 v KUK.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

HOLZHEU, Michael, 2020. Charles Babbage\u2019s analytical engine. In: Youtube<\/em> [online].
6. 3. 2020 [cit. 2022-11-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eMy4vSZ-J_I<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

HOUSER, Pavel, 2003. Charles Babbage: nejen parn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, ale tak\u00e9 lu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u0161ifer.
In: Science World<\/em> [online]. 30. 4. 2003 [cit. 2022-11-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.scienceworld.cz\/neziva-priroda\/charles-babbage-nejen-parni-pocitac-ale-take-lusteni-sifer-3069\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

HYMAN, Anthony, ed., 1989. Science and reform: selected works of Charles Babbage<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dostupn\u00e9 tak\u00e9 z: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/sciencereformsel0000babb\/mode\/2up<\/a>. \u00davodn\u00ed obr\u00e1zek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV\u00c1NEK, Ji\u0159\u00ed, 2022. Teorie k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed: klasick\u00e9 substitu\u010dn\u00ed \u0161ifry. In: Moodle UK pro v\u00fduku 1<\/em> [online]. 2022 [cit. 2022-11-28]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/1476239\/mod_resource\/content\/0\/Klasick%C3%A9%20substitu%C4%8Dn%C3%AD%20%C5%A1ifry.pdf<\/a>. Prezentace v r\u00e1mci v\u00fduky p\u0159edm\u011btu K\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed 2022\/2023, p\u0159\u00edstup omezen pro p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

JIROU\u0160EK, Radim, 2006. Principy digit\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikace<\/em>. Voznice: Leda.
ISBN 80-7335-084-X.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LIHOU, Jason, 2016. Charles Babbage. In: Youtube <\/em>[online]. 23. 8. 2016 [cit. 2022-11-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NSAXbsbiid0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

PETZOLD, Charles, 2000. Code: the hidden language of computer hardware and software<\/em>. Redmond: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-1131-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SINGH, Simon, 2009. Kniha k\u00f3d\u016f a \u0161ifer: tajn\u00e1 komunikace od star\u00e9ho Egypta po kvantovou kryptografii<\/em>. 2. vyd. v \u010desk\u00e9m jazyce. Praha: Doko\u0159\u00e1n. Aliter. ISBN 978-80-7363-268-7. Dostupn\u00e9 v KUK.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

WILDE, Robert, 2022. Prvn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. In: EFerrit<\/em> [online]. c2022[cit. 2022-11-27]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/cs.eferrit.com\/prvni-pocitac\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

DHBSLKW CACCAMI B VJHETISOWB SOJSA Kdo byl Charles Babbage? Charles Babbage byl ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1n za origin\u00e1ln\u00edho myslitele (Gleick, 2013, s. 68), jeho skute\u010dn\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem nebyly pouze p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b matematick\u00e9 postupy, ale oblasti zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se informacemi, jejich odes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00edm, k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00edm, anal\u00fdzou a zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm. Pro sv\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy a vyn\u00e1lezy dok\u00e1zal vytv\u00e1\u0159et \u201ejazyk symbol\u016f, do kter\u00fdch by se […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2339,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[206],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2334","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-osobnost"],"yoast_head":"\nCharles Babbage a Vigen\u00e8rova \u0161ifra - Magaz\u00edn Knihovny \u00dasteck\u00e9ho kraje<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.svkul.cz\/index.php\/2023\/02\/20\/charles-babbage-a-vigenerova-sifra\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Charles Babbage a Vigen\u00e8rova \u0161ifra - Magaz\u00edn Knihovny \u00dasteck\u00e9ho kraje\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"DHBSLKW CACCAMI B VJHETISOWB SOJSA Kdo byl Charles Babbage? Charles Babbage byl ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1n za origin\u00e1ln\u00edho myslitele (Gleick, 2013, s. 68), jeho skute\u010dn\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem nebyly pouze p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b matematick\u00e9 postupy, ale oblasti zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se informacemi, jejich odes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00edm, k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00edm, anal\u00fdzou a zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm. Pro sv\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy a vyn\u00e1lezy dok\u00e1zal vytv\u00e1\u0159et \u201ejazyk symbol\u016f, do kter\u00fdch by se […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blog.svkul.cz\/index.php\/2023\/02\/20\/charles-babbage-a-vigenerova-sifra\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Magaz\u00edn Knihovny \u00dasteck\u00e9ho kraje\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/svkusti\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-02-20T13:47:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-02-21T10:10:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blog.svkul.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Copy-of-Untitled-Design-3-1024x683.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"683\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jana Bedn\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Napsal(a)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jana Bedn\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Odhadovan\u00e1 doba \u010dten\u00ed\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minut\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.svkul.cz\/index.php\/2023\/02\/20\/charles-babbage-a-vigenerova-sifra\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.svkul.cz\/index.php\/2023\/02\/20\/charles-babbage-a-vigenerova-sifra\/\",\"name\":\"Charles Babbage a Vigen\u00e8rova \u0161ifra - 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